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| GRADE 9 - 12 |
| LIFE SCIENCE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE |
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Standard 18: Matter and Energy Transformations
A. All living things are composed of four basic categories of macromolecules and share the same basic needs
for life.
B. Living organisms acquire the energy they need for life processes through various metabolic pathways (primarily
photosynthesis and cellular respiration).
C. Chemical reactions in living things follow basic rules of chemistry and are usually regulated by enzymes.
D. The unique chemical properties of carbon and water make life on Earth possible. |
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BENCHMARK CODE |
BENCHMARK |
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SC.912.L.18.1 |
Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major
categories of biological macromolecules. |
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SC.912.L.18.2 |
Describe the important structural characteristics of monosaccharides, disaccharides,
and polysaccharides and explain the functions of carbohydrates in living things. |
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SC.912.L.18.3 |
Describe the structures of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
Explain the functions of lipids in living organisms. Identify some reactions that fatty acids undergo. Relate
the structure and function of cell membranes. |
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SC.912.L.18.4 |
Describe the structures of proteins and amino acids. Explain the functions of
proteins in living organisms. Identify some reactions that amino acids undergo. Relate the structure and
function of enzymes. |
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SC.912.L.18.5 |
Discuss the use of chemiosmotic gradients for ATP production in chloroplasts and
mitochondria. |
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SC.912.L.18.6 |
Discuss the role of anaerobic respiration in living things and in human society. |
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SC.912.L.18.7 |
Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis. |
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SC.912.L.18.8 |
Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic
cellular respiration. |
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SC.912.L.18.9 |
Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. |
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SC.912.L.18.10 |
Connect the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to energy transfers within a cell. |
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SC.912.L.18.11 |
Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of
biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, and their effect on enzyme activity. |
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SC.912.L.18.12 |
Discuss the special properties of water that contribute to Earth's suitability
as an environment for life: cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, and
versatility as a solvent. |
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