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| GRADE 9 - 12 |
| LIFE SCIENCE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE |
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Standard 14: Organization and Development of Living Organisms
A. Cells have characteristic structures and functions that make them distinctive.
B. Processes in a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and homeostasis.
C. Life can be organized in a functional and structural hierarchy ranging from cells to the biosphere.
D. Most multicellular organisms are composed of organ systems whose structures reflect their particular
function. |
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BENCHMARK CODE |
BENCHMARK |
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SC.912.L.14.1 |
Describe the scientific theory of cells (cell theory) and relate the history of its
discovery to the process of science. |
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SC.912.L.14.2 |
Relate structure to function for the components of plant and animal cells. Explain
the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (passive and active transport). |
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SC.912.L.14.3 |
Compare and contrast the general structures of plant and animal cells. Compare and
contrast the general structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. |
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SC.912.L.14.4 |
Compare and contrast structure and function of various types of microscopes. |
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SC.912.L.14.5 |
Explain the evidence supporting the scientific theory of the origin of eukaryotic
cells (endosymbiosis). |
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SC.912.L.14.6 |
Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic
agents to health from the perspectives of both individual and public health. |
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SC.912.L.14.7 |
Relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological
processes. |
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SC.912.L.14.8 |
Explain alternation of generations in plants. |
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SC.912.L.14.9 |
Relate the major structure of fungi to their functions. |
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SC.912.L.14.10 |
Discuss the relationship between the evolution of land plants and their anatomy. |
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SC.912.L.14.11 |
Classify and state the defining characteristics of epithelial tissue, connective
tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. |
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SC.912.L.14.12 |
Describe the anatomy and histology of bone tissue. |
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SC.912.L.14.13 |
Distinguish between bones of the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. |
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SC.912.L.14.14 |
Identify the major bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton. |
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SC.912.L.14.15 |
Identify major markings (such as foramina, fossae, tubercles, etc.) on a skeleton.
Explain why these markings are important. |
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SC.912.L.14.16 |
Describe the anatomy and histology, including ultrastructure, of muscle tissue. |
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SC.912.L.14.17 |
List the steps involved in the sliding filament of muscle contraction. |
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SC.912.L.14.18 |
Describe signal transmission across a myoneural junction. |
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SC.912.L.14.19 |
Explain the physiology of skeletal muscle. |
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SC.912.L.14.20 |
Identify the major muscles of the human on a model or diagram. |
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SC.912.L.14.21 |
Describe the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the central and peripheral
nervous systems and name the major divisions of the nervous system. |
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SC.912.L.14.22 |
Describe the physiology of nerve conduction, including the generator potential,
action potential, and the synapse. |
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SC.912.L.14.23 |
Identify the parts of a reflex arc. |
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SC.912.L.14.24 |
Identify the general parts of a synapse and describe the physiology of signal
transmission across a synapse. |
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SC.912.L.14.25 |
Identify the major parts of a cross section through the spinal cord. |
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SC.912.L.14.26 |
Identify the major parts of the brain on diagrams or models. |
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SC.912.L.14.27 |
Identify the functions of the major parts of the brain, including the meninges,
medulla, pons, midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum and cerebrum. |
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SC.912.L.14.28 |
Identify the major functions of the spinal cord. |
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SC.912.L.14.29 |
Define the terms endocrine and exocrine. |
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SC.912.L.14.30 |
Compare endocrine and neural controls of physiology. |
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SC.912.L.14.31 |
Describe the physiology of hormones including the different types and the mechanisms
of their action. |
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SC.912.L.14.32 |
Describe the anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system. |
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SC.912.L.14.33 |
Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system. |
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SC.912.L.14.34 |
Describe the composition and physiology of blood, including that of the plasma and
the formed elements. |
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SC.912.L.14.35 |
Describe the steps in hemostasis, including the mechanism of coagulation. Include
the basis for blood typing and transfusion reactions. |
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SC.912.L.14.36 |
Describe the factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system. |
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SC.912.L.14.37 |
Explain the components of an electrocardiogram. |
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SC.912.L.14.38 |
Describe normal heart sounds and what they mean. |
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SC.912.L.14.39 |
Describe hypertension and some of the factors that produce it. |
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SC.912.L.14.40 |
Describe the histology of the major arteries and veins of systemic, pulmonary,
hepatic portal, and coronary circulation. |
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SC.912.L.14.41 |
Describe fetal circulation and changes that occur to the circulatory system at birth. |
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SC.912.L.14.42 |
Describe the anatomy and the physiology of the lymph system. |
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SC.912.L.14.43 |
Describe the histology of the respiratory system. |
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SC.912.L.14.44 |
Describe the physiology of the respiratory system including the mechanisms of
ventilation, gas exchange, gas transport and the mechanisms that control the rate of ventilation. |
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SC.912.L.14.45 |
Describe the histology of the alimentary canal and its associated accessory organs. |
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SC.912.L.14.46 |
Describe the physiology of the digestive system, including mechanical digestion,
chemical digestion, absorption and the neural and hormonal mechanisms of control. |
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SC.912.L.14.47 |
Describe the physiology of urine formation by the kidney. |
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SC.912.L.14.48 |
Describe the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the ureters, the urinary bladder
and the urethra. |
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SC.912.L.14.49 |
Identify the major functions associated with the sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous systems. |
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SC.912.L.14.50 |
Describe the structure of vertebrate sensory organs. Relate structure to function in
vertebrate sensory systems. |
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SC.912.L.14.51 |
Describe the function of the vertebrate integumentary system. |
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SC.912.L.14.52 |
Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and
nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. |
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SC.912.L.14.53 |
Discuss basic classification and characteristics of plants. Identify bryophytes,
pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. |
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